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Chinass Project gains attention by exploring gravity-based energy storage, offering sustainable alternatives to electric batteries
The transition to renewable energy is growing, but storage is still a challenge, as solar and wind power fluctuate with the weather. At the same time, demand for electricity can spike suddenly, overloading power grids. One promising solution is gravity batteries.
This technology uses gravitational force to store and release energy. Projects around the world are testing different versions of this concept. The hope is that these batteries will offer a cleaner, more durable alternative to lithium-ion batteries.
The need for massive energy storage
Renewable sources like solar and wind can generate a lot of energy. However, output varies throughout the day. Electric vehicles and data centers are further increasing the demand for constant electricity. Without efficient storage solutions, it can be difficult to ensure reliable power.
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Lithium-ion batteries are widely used, but they are not without challenges. Lithium extraction has negative environmental and social impacts. In addition, these batteries lose capacity over time, making recycling difficult. Reliance on rare earths is also a concern, creating geopolitical vulnerabilities.
How Gravity Batteries Work
Gravity batteries work on the basis of potential energy. When a mass is lifted, energy is stored. When the mass is lowered, the energy is converted into electricity. This principle has been used for years in pumped-storage hydroelectric plants.
In these systems, water is lifted to a higher reservoir when energy is abundant. The water is then released to drive turbines when demand increases.
The difference with modern gravity batteries is that they use solid blocks instead of water. This allows for greater installation flexibility, as they do not depend on rivers or reservoirs. The efficiency of these systems can reach 80% and their useful life is much longer than that of chemical batteries.
The EVx project in China
In China, Energy Vault has built the EVx tower, one of the largest gravity storage projects. The structure is over 120 meters tall. During excess energy, 24-ton blocks are raised. When energy is needed, the blocks are lowered and generate electricity.
The system has a power of 25 MW and a total capacity of 100 MWh. The round-trip efficiency is over 80%, and the tower is expected to operate for 35 years. The block material is made from recycled waste, reducing costs and environmental impacts.
China plans to expand this technology, with projects ranging from 100 MWh to 660 MWh. A 2 GWh facility in Inner Mongolia is in the planning stages. The total investment is over $1 billion.
Gravitricity's proposal in Scotland
Another innovative project is being developed by Scottish company Gravitricity. Instead of towers, the solution uses abandoned mines. The idea is to suspend huge weights in underground shafts. Some mines are more than 3 km deep, allowing for the storage of abundant energy.
The first test took place at the Port of Leith in Scotland. The company used a platform that raised and lowered two 25-tonne weights. The experience showed that the concept works. Now, the goal is to scale the system to deeper wells.
Reusing old mines reduces costs and creates economic opportunities for regions that previously depended on mining. This can be an attractive factor for communities looking for new ways to generate income.
Gravity batteries: challenges and limitations
Despite their promise, gravity batteries have limitations. For small-scale storage, their efficiency is low. In one test, lifting a 2.000 kg mass into a house stored only the energy equivalent of 12 AA batteries. For domestic use, chemical solutions are still more viable.
Another challenge is the high initial cost. Building towers or adapting mines requires significant investment. In addition, mechanical components such as winches and cables wear out over time. Regular maintenance is necessary to ensure efficient operation.
Physical space is also a limiting factor. Large towers may face resistance in urban areas. Underground shafts are an alternative, but they depend on the existence of suitable mines.
The future of energy storage
Lithium-ion batteries are still widely used. Their rapid deployment and versatility make them a common choice. However, safety challenges, environmental impact and geopolitical dependence raise questions about their long-term viability.
In the US, for example, the search for alternatives to lithium is growing. Trade tensions with China are affecting imports of this material. With increasing investment in energy and artificial intelligence, safe and reliable storage is essential.
The future of energy storage is likely to involve a combination of technologies. Gravity batteries, pumped hydro, lithium-ion and other solutions may coexist. Each will meet different needs, depending on local infrastructure and demand.
Gravity batteries stand out for their durability and lower environmental impact. Projects such as EVx and Gravitricity show that the technology is advancing.
If the initial challenges are overcome, this solution could play an essential role in building a more balanced and sustainable energy future.
With information from Interesting Engineering.
