Despite the economic and environmental benefits, the use of geothermal energy presents challenges such as toxic infiltration into the water and concerns about visual impact.
Iceland has emerged as a global model in renewable energy production. Approximately 85% of the energy consumed in this country comes from renewable sources, the highest percentage in the world. This island nation, with around 400.000 inhabitants, generates its electricity mainly through geothermal and hydroelectric power. A total of 73% of electricity comes from hydroelectric plants, while 26,8% comes from geothermal energy. These data reflect an almost self-sufficient model in energy terms, in contrast to other countries that still depend largely on fossil fuels.
The key to Icelandic success is not just in availability of natural resources, but also in the efficient exploration of its peculiar volcanic geology. Iceland has around 130 volcanoes, many of which are active, providing an inexhaustible source of geothermal energy. This resource has helped transform the country's economy, moving from a poor, coal-dependent society to a nation with a high standard of living. Today, 90% of homes are heated with geothermal water, eliminating the need to use fossil fuels for this purpose.
What are the advantages of geothermal energy over conventional energy?
Geothermal energy is not only sustainable, it is also economically viable and has a low environmental impact. The latest drilling in Iceland has reached depths of up to 4.500 meters, which could reduce the surface area required for extraction and minimize the visual impact on the landscape. Furthermore, the waste generated is minimal compared to other energy sources such as oil and coal.
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The Icelandic approach has also attracted investors interested in reducing the carbon footprint of energy-intensive plants such as aluminum smelting furnaces and data centers. This trend is reinforced by a favorable business environment and government policies aimed at reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding rapidly, with charging stations available throughout the ring road.
Landsvirkjun, the Icelandic state electricity company, is one of the largest producers of renewable energy in the world and plays a crucial role in generating hydroelectric power, which represents 20% of the country's energy mix. This diversified approach has allowed Iceland to not only be a leader in geothermal energy, but also in hydropower, creating a replicable model for other countries with adequate natural resources.
Iceland's geothermal power plants are also a tourist attraction. Visitor centers at these facilities provide an up-close look at the process of converting hydrothermal and geothermal energy into electricity. These interactive exhibits are both educational and entertaining, showcasing the application of modern technologies in power generation.
What are the dangers of this energy plan
Geothermal energy has stood out as a promising alternative within the scope of renewable energy. However, its environmental impacts and technical limitations present significant challenges. One of the main environmental concerns is the emission of hydrogen sulfide and CO2. Although these emissions are relatively small compared to the energy supply they provide, they still represent a challenge in terms of sustainability.
Another important hazard is the possible contamination of nearby groundwater. During the process of extracting heat from underground, there is a risk that toxic substances such as arsenic or ammonia infiltrate water sources. This problem has been documented in multiple geothermal feasibility studies.
Furthermore, the infrastructure required to exploit geothermal resources has a major visual impact on the landscape. Drilling derricks, pipelines and industrial facilities significantly alter the natural environment.
The challenge for Iceland lies in the transport sector, where fossil fuels are still used despite advances in charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. Fishing vessels have achieved a 43% reduction in pollution since 1990, thanks to improved efficiency and the electrification of fisheries production.
The Icelandic experience provides valuable lessons for countries seeking to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels and increase their use of renewable energy. Following this model, each nation must evaluate its available natural resources and optimize the use of renewable technologies that best adapt to its geographic and climatic conditions.
Iceland remains a reference in sustainable energy production, making the most of its geothermal and hydroelectric resources to satisfy 99% of its electrical consumption. Government policies and the will of the population have turned this small Nordic nation into a world leader in clean energy, showing the way to a more sustainable energy future.