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Plastic films used to package food can release thousands of dangerous chemicals, including compounds that affect hormones, metabolism and increase the risk of diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular problems.
A piece of plastic film used to wrap food can contain up to 9.936 different chemical substances. This amount is frightening, especially because many of these substances can migrate into food and, consequently, into the human body.
The display is simple: just heat the food in the microwave or leaving a container in a hot car. Heat, fat from food, sunlight and even time can help transfer chemical compounds from plastic to food.
Hazardous substances in everyday life
Among the components present in food plastics are bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates. Both are known to affect the endocrine system, that is, they can interfere with the body's hormonal regulation.
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In addition, researchers have identified thousands of compounds that are not yet regulated, or even unknown, that are also present in common packaging.
The plastic manufacturing process involves basic polymers, but these are mixed with dyes, softeners, heat stabilizers and other substances.
During production and use, residues, impurities and by-products also occur. Since these substances are not stably bound to the materials, they are easily released.
Items such as plastic bags, trays and bottles are the most common products that pose risks. And the problem goes beyond direct exposure: these compounds can modify cellular function.
Effects on human cells and metabolism
A study carried out by the Department of Biology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) evaluated 36 products used daily in countries such as the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, South Korea and Norway.
Scientists used high-resolution mass spectrometry and detected thousands of compounds.
Among the findings, many affected hormonal function and cellular metabolism. The results align with population studies showing the presence of BPA and phthalates in more than 90% of people in Europe, Asia and North America.
Furthermore, the chemical mixtures present in plastics alter the activity of cellular receptors linked to the G11 protein. These receptors are essential in cell signaling and affect processes such as growth, reproduction and energy consumption.
Consequences of substances for global health
Continuous exposure to phthalates was associated with an estimated 350 deaths from cardiovascular disease in 2018. The effects also extend to obesity, hypertension and diabetes.
And it’s not just BPA that poses risks. Substitutes such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) have been shown to cause similar harm.
Products with the “BPA-free” label do not guarantee safety. Alternative compounds also negatively impact cellular health.
Change in the source of the problem
Experts are calling for a structural change. With more than 13 known plastic chemicals and many yet to be identified, controlling these substances one by one is not a viable solution.
The idea is to redesign plastics from the ground up. This includes developing new plant-based, biodegradable materials that offer the same functions — such as blocking oxygen and moisture — without the associated risks.
Plant-based polymers are already in the testing phase. They can preserve food efficiently and degrade quickly in the environment.
Global pressure and regulatory advances
In 2024, 175 countries met in Ottawa to negotiate a UN treaty against plastic pollution. The agreement is still under discussion, but it is expected to be signed by 2026.
Meanwhile, some governments have already taken action. The European Chemicals Agency has classified several plasticizers as of concern. And several U.S. states have banned the use of BPA in food-contact packaging.
Industries are also preparing for future requirements. Some maintain public records of plastic additives used.
What each person can do
Even without immediate legal changes, some attitudes help reduce exposure. Experts suggest avoiding the use of plastic in the microwave, opting for fresh food, not using scratched pans and pans, and ventilating rooms with new furniture or plastic.
These simple practices reduce contact with toxic substances, since exposure is cumulative. Every little choice counts.
New materials made with green chemistry are also emerging. Using renewable sources such as cornstarch, cellulose and algae, these bioplastics can degrade in just a few weeks and leave no pollutants. The future of plastics depends on these changes — and they’ve already begun.
With information from EcoInventos.
