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From the subsoil to end use: learn about the complete process that transforms natural gas into an energy source for various sectors
A natural gas production is one of the most strategic activities in the global energy sector. Present in several countries and used in different sectors, it moves billions of dollars per year and directly influences the economy, the environment and security. Energy efficiency.
In this complete guide, you will understand what it is, how it works, where it takes place, what technologies are used, what the environmental impacts are and what future of this very important resource.
What is Natural Gas?
O natural gas It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, with methane (CH₄) being the main component. It forms naturally underground, from the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years, in environments with high pressure and temperature.
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It is considered a fossil energy source, like oil and coal, but emits fewer pollutants when burned. It is mainly used for generating electricity, heating, transportation and as a raw material in industry.
How Does Natural Gas Production Work?
A natural gas production involves a long and complex chain, divided into three main stages:
1. Exploration
It all starts with geological exploration, which identifies sites with the potential to contain natural gas. Techniques such as seismic analysis, sensors and 3D modeling help find the reserves.
2. Drilling
After confirming the presence of gas, the well drilling. These drillings can occur both onshore and offshore. Offshore platforms are common in large producers such as Brazil and Norway.
3. Extraction
Once drilled, the gas is extracted from the reservoir and sent for processing. At this stage, the gas is mixed with water, sand and other compounds that need to be separated.
Natural Gas Processing
Extracted natural gas cannot be used directly. It goes through a purification process, which removes impurities and separates components such as:
- Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
- Sulfur
- Liquid natural gas (LPG)
- Heavier hydrocarbons
After processing, the gas is compressed and sent through pipelines for consumption or export.
Technologies Involved in Production
A natural gas production involves cutting-edge technologies. Some of the most common are:
- Hydraulic fracturing (fracking): used to release gas from rock formations.
- Offshore platforms: advanced structures operating on the high seas.
- Compression and refrigeration systems: essential for transportation in liquid form (LNG).
- Remote sensing and scanning: monitor production in real time.
Main Producing Countries
Production is concentrated in a few countries, which dominate the global market:
- United States: leader in production, especially because of fracking.
- Russia: has vast reserves and is a major exporter.
- Iran and Qatar: together they dominate production in the Middle East.
- China: growing producer and large consumer.
- Brazil: stands out in offshore production in the pre-salt layer.
Production in Brazil
A natural gas production in Brazil has been growing with investments in pre-salt. The Santos and Campos basins concentrate a large part of the national extraction. Petrobras is the main company operating in the sector.
In addition, there are partnerships with foreign companies to facilitate processing and distribution. The country still faces infrastructure challenges, but has great potential for expansion.
Transport and Distribution
Gas transportation can be done in two main ways:
- By pipelines: more efficient for short and medium distances.
- By ships (LNG): the gas is cooled to -162ºC and transformed into a liquid for intercontinental transport.
After being transported, the gas is distributed to industrial and residential consumers and for generating electricity.
Natural Gas Applications
A natural gas production supplies several sectors:
- Industries: as raw material for fertilizers, plastics and chemicals.
- Residences: for cooking, heating water and environments.
- Shipping cost: in CNG-powered vehicles.
- Electricity: in thermoelectric plants.
Its versatility and lower environmental impact, when compared to coal and oil, make it an increasingly valued option.
Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Production
Despite being less polluting than other fossil fuels, natural gas production still causes impacts:
- Methane emission: a greenhouse gas more potent than CO₂.
- Leakage risks: mainly in gas pipelines and platforms.
- Intensive water use: in hydraulic fracturing.
- Local impacts: such as deforestation and noise pollution.
Therefore, the sector is looking for more sustainable solutions, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) and more efficient technologies.
Challenges and Future of Natural Gas Production
The global energy transition is one of the biggest challenges for the sector. Although natural gas is a “bridge” between fossil fuels and renewable sources, it needs to adapt to new requirements:
- Decarbonization: pressure for emissions cuts.
- Clean energy: advancement of renewables, such as solar and wind.
- Green technology: investments in hydrogen and biomethane.
Nevertheless, the natural gas production will remain relevant for decades, especially in developing countries seeking energy security and economic growth.
Curiosities
- Natural gas was first used in China over 2.500 years ago.
- Brazil has the potential to double its production by 2030.
- Liquefied natural gas (LNG) occupies 600 times less volume than gas in its natural state.
A natural gas production is a pillar of the global energy matrix. Its versatility, efficiency and relative “cleanliness” make it an important ally in the energy transition. However, it is necessary to invest in technology, safety and sustainability to guarantee its future.
This guide brings together, in one place, everything you need to know about the topic — from extraction to distribution, from impacts to challenges. Keeping up to date with this industry is essential to understanding the direction of energy in Brazil and the world.
