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What really happened to Gol Flight 1907? The details of the crash, the search in the jungle and the lessons from one of Brazil's worst accidents

Written by Bruno Teles
Published 09/05/2025 às 11:25
Gol Flight 1907: Disaster in the Amazon. 154 dead. Understand the air traffic control errors and the chain of events that led to the fatal collision. Read now
Gol Flight 1907: Disaster in the Amazon. 154 dead. Understand the air traffic control errors and the chain of events that led to the fatal collision. Read now

Remember the fateful accident of Gol Flight 1907 in 2006, a mid-air collision that shocked Brazil and exposed critical flaws in the aviation system, resulting in the loss of 154 lives.

On September 29, 2006, the skies of the Amazon were the scene of one of the greatest tragedies in Brazilian aviation: the collision involving Gol Flight 1907. A Boeing 737-800, with 154 people on board, disappeared from radar after a fatal encounter with an Embraer Legacy 600 executive jet. No one on board the Gol plane survived.

This disaster not only plunged the country in mourning, but also triggered a complex investigation that revealed a chain of errors and systemic failures. The story of Gol Flight 1907 is a somber reminder of the importance of safety and precision in aviation.

The day of the tragedy: the collision of Gol Flight 1907 over the Amazon

Two modern jets were the unwitting protagonists of this aerial drama. The Gol Flight 1907, operated by a relatively new Boeing 737-8EH(SFP) (registration PR-GTD), departed from Manaus to Rio de Janeiro, with a stopover in Brasília, carrying 148 passengers and 6 crew members. The other aircraft was an Embraer Legacy 600 executive jet (registration N600XL), on a delivery flight from São José dos Campos to the United States, with 7 occupants. The collision occurred at 16:56 (Brasília time), over the state of Mato Grosso. Both aircraft were flying at 37.000 feet (FL370) on routes that should have been opposite and separate. The Legacy's left winglet struck the Boeing's left wing, tearing off about half of it.

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For Gol Flight 1907, the consequences were catastrophic. The loss of part of the wing made the Boeing uncontrollable, leading to its disintegration in flight before hitting the ground in the dense Amazon rainforest. All 154 people on board died. The Embraer Legacy, despite serious damage, managed to make an emergency landing at Cachimbo Air Base, with all its occupants unharmed. The popular narrative that a “waterfall swallowed the Boeing” is incorrect; the crash occurred in dense forest, and the confusion may have originated in the Serra do Cachimbo, where the Legacy landed, which has waterfalls. The statement “no one saw anything” is accurate, given the altitude and remote area of ​​the collision.

Search and rescue: a challenging operation in the vastness of the Amazon rainforest

What really happened to Gol Flight 1907? The details of the crash, the search in the jungle and the lessons from one of Brazil's worst accidents

The Brazilian Air Force (FAB) led the complex search and rescue (SAR) efforts in the vast and inhospitable Amazon region, mobilizing aircraft and around 200 professionals on the ground. The participation of members of the Kayapó indigenous people was crucial, due to his knowledge of the forest. The wreckage of the Gol Flight 1907 were located approximately 200 km east of Peixoto de Azevedo (MT).

The dense vegetation posed enormous difficulties. Despite initial erroneous reports of survivors, the Brazilian Air Force confirmed that there were no survivors from the Boeing. The recovery of the flight recorders was arduous; the memory module of the Boeing's Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) was only found after almost four weeks. The removal of the bodies of the 154 victims took almost seven weeks, with all of them being identified by DNA.

The investigation into Gol Flight 1907: uncovering the causes of the mid-air collision

The investigation, led by the Aeronautical Accident Investigation and Prevention Center (CENIPA), revealed a series of critical Air Traffic Control (ATC) failures. These included: Inadequate initial flight clearance for Legacy; failure of controllers to detect and correct the Legacy's altitude error; poor management of the loss of radar and radio contact with the Legacy (not realizing that its transponder had ceased normal operation for almost an hour); and incomplete transfer of control between the Brasília and Amazonian centers.

A central point of the investigation was the status of the Embraer Legacy's transponder and its collision avoidance system (TCAS). CENIPA concluded that the Legacy pilots contributed to the accident by failing to recognize that the transponder was off or not transmitting, disabling TCAS on both aircraft, and pointed to insufficient training. The Legacy crew, in turn, stated that they had been authorized to fly at FL370 and that their TCAS did not issue alerts. The Legacy crew Gol Flight 1907 was exempted from any liability as it was following the instructions correctly and its TCAS could not detect the Legacy.

CENIPA and NTSB reports on the Gol Flight 1907 accident

The final reports of CENIPA (Brazil) and the comments of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) of the United States presented different emphases. CENIPA listed as contributing factors errors by air traffic controllers and the Legacy crew. The NTSB largely concluded that both crews (Gol and Legacy) acted correctly. given the information they had, giving greater weight to the sequence of ATC errors that created the conditions for the collision and the resulting lack of situational awareness by the Legacy crew.

This divergence, especially over the culpability of the Legacy pilots, may reflect different investigative philosophies and the complexity of international incidents. The central discussion revolved around individual errors versus systemic failures that allowed the tragedy of Gol Flight 1907.

Legacy of Gol Flight 1907 for Brazilian aviation safety

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The fall of Gol Flight 1907, the deadliest air accident in Brazilian history to date, claimed 154 lives and triggered a profound crisis in Brazilian civil aviation. The disaster exposed tensions and alleged deficiencies in the ATC system, including complaints from controllers about work overload, low wages and obsolete equipment.

Immediately after the Legacy landed, the American pilots were detained and questioned, and their passports were seized. They were later prosecuted in Brazil, highlighting the complex intersection between technical investigation and criminal justice. Although the details of the long-term reforms are not in the documents provided, major accidents such as the one in Gol Flight 1907 invariably drive revisions in procedures, training and technology, aiming to continually improve safety in the skies.

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Bruno Teles

I talk about technology, innovation, oil and gas. I provide daily updates on opportunities in the Brazilian market. I have published over 5.000 articles on the websites CPG, Naval Porto Estaleiro, Mineração Brasil and Obras Construção Civil. Any suggestions for topics? Send them to brunotelesredator@gmail.com

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