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KAIST researchers observed in real-time the degradation of metallic lithium at the nanoscale and identified how irregular surfaces form “dead lithium,” reducing performance, safety, and battery range in electric vehicles
Real-time images taken by KAIST researchers identified a central cause for battery range loss in electric vehicles: the irregular degradation of the metallic lithium anode during charge and discharge cycles.
The team led by Professor Seungbum Hong observed the process at the nanoscale, equivalent to 1/100,000 the thickness of a human hair. The study was published in ACS Energy Letters.
The discovery is highlighted as an important clue to extend the driving range of electric vehicles and the lifespan of batteries. The work also indicates a direction to accelerate the commercialization of next-generation batteries.
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Battery range depends on the initial form of lithium
Lithium metal is called the “dream battery material” due to its energy density superior to conventional batteries. Despite this, the rapid drop in performance after charges and discharges still limits its commercial use.
The problem occurs when lithium is deposited or removed irregularly. In this condition, so-called “dead lithium” can emerge, an electrically disconnected material that reduces performance and creates safety risks.
To monitor this process, researchers used in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy, a technique capable of observing the battery’s interior in real-time. The method allowed tracking of deposition, called coating, and removal, known as stripping.
The analysis showed that the lithium reaction does not occur uniformly across the surface. Instead, it occurs selectively at specific points, revealing weaknesses that explain the battery’s range loss.
Porous points form voids and accelerate degradation
In porous regions with rough surfaces, researchers found that voids were easily formed when lithium was removed. This process favored the creation of dead lithium, which became electrically isolated.
This phenomenon was identified as a direct cause of the sudden drop in performance. The importance of the study lies in showing where and how metallic lithium batteries suffer damage in operation.
The research also demonstrated that the initial morphology, that is, the way lithium forms for the first time, is a decisive variable for the battery’s long-term lifespan.
Thus, the uniform and precise control of the surface where lithium forms emerges as a path to improve battery lifespan, stability, and range. Hong stated that the research confirms the cause of degradation at the nanoscale.
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